![]() An ultrastructural study of the thalamic input to layer 4 of primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex in the mouse. Ultrastructure of dendritic spines: correlation between synaptic and spine morphologies. Three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines and synapses in rat hippocampus (CA1) at postnatal day 15 and adult ages: implications for the maturation of synaptic physiology and long-term potentiation. Immunogold localization of AMPA and NMDA receptors in somatic sensory cortex of albino rat. Cell type and pathway dependence of synaptic AMPA receptor number and variability in the hippocampus. Presynaptic release probability influences the locus of long-term potentiation. Quantal components of the end-plate potential. Structural properties of synaptic transmission and temporal dynamics at excitatory layer 5B synapses in the adult rat somatosensory cortex. Multivesicular release differentiates the reliability of synaptic transmission between the visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex. Multiquantal release underlies the distribution of synaptic efficacies in the neocortex. Dense connectomic reconstruction in layer 4 of the somatosensory cortex. Saturated reconstruction of a volume of neocortex. The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ![]() ![]() This challenges existing release models and provides further evidence that neocortical synapses operate with multivesicular release 4, 5, 6, suggesting that they are more complex computational devices than thought, and therefore expanding the computational power of the canonical cortical microcircuitry. Quantal analysis also reveals that synapses contain at least 2.7 neurotransmitter-release sites on average. We find a linear relationship between synapse size and strength, providing the missing link in assigning physiological weights to synapses reconstructed from electron microscopy. Here we combine slice electrophysiology of synaptically connected pyramidal neurons in the mouse somatosensory cortex with correlated light microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy of all putative synaptic contacts between the recorded neurons. Nevertheless, it remains unknown how the structure of a synapse relates to its physiological transmission strength-a key limitation for inferring brain function from neuronal wiring diagrams. Since this landmark study, high-throughput electron-microscopic techniques have enabled reconstructions of much larger mammalian brain circuits at synaptic resolution 2, 3. In 1986, electron microscopy was used to reconstruct by hand the entire nervous system of a roundworm, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 1.
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